Produksi Syngas Bersih dari Gasifikasi Biomassa dan Limbah (2023–2026): Intensifikasi Reaktor, Pengendalian Tar/Partikulat, Kondisioning Impuritas, dan Integrasi ke Hidrogen serta Sustainable Aviation Fuel

Abstract

Biomass and waste gasification is positioned as a pillar of the energy transition because it can convert renewable carbonaceous materials into syngas that can be directed toward electricity and heat generation, hydrogen production, synthetic fuels, and high-value chemicals. The main challenge of industrialization is no longer merely producing syngas, but producing clean syngas that meets downstream catalyst thresholds: tar, particulates, alkali species, Cl/S/N compounds (e.g., NH₃), and variability in the H₂/CO composition often become bottlenecks in terms of cost and reliability. This review synthesizes literature from the Plain Text and RIS corpus up to 2026 to construct an updated taxonomy: (i) reactor intensification through in-situ cleaning concepts (SiC membranes combined with biochar or structured catalysts), (ii) in-situ versus ex-situ catalytic strategies for tar conversion, (iii) conditioning of trace impurities (e.g., NH₃) and their implications for downstream catalysts, (iv) sorption-enhanced gasification (SEG) and integrated carbon capture concepts, (v) system modeling, techno-economic assessment, and scale-up strategies for fuel pathways (SAF, drop-in diesel, e-fuels), and (vi) the role of digital technologies (AI/ML/IoT/digital twins) in value-chain optimization.

The synthesis reveals a strong 2024–2026 trend toward integrated intensification, namely reactors that combine particulate separation and tar cracking at high temperatures (≈800 °C) to avoid cooling stages that trigger tar condensation and corrosion, accompanied by strategies to mitigate catalyst deactivation. Downstream, the gasification–FTS pathway remains dominant for aviation fuel production; however, alternative configurations are emerging (gasification → olefins → oligomerization) along with partial electrification to improve carbon efficienc.

  The proposed top-tier research agenda includes the design of coking-resistant reactor–catalyst systems, syngas quality metrics based on catalyst thresholds, and hybrid physics–ML optimization frameworks that can be applied operationally.